2024 Mafia in philly

In the 1980s, Philadelphia mob boss Nicky Scarfo presided over one of the deadliest periods in Mafia history and ordered the murders of nearly 30 members of his own organization. Bettmann/Getty Images Philadelphia Mafia boss Nicky Scarfo with his nephew, Philip Leonetti, behind him after they were acquitted for murder in 1980.. Montana livestock auction butte mt

Here are six films about the mafia in Philadelphia. Julia Hatmaker | [email protected]. "10th and Wolf". James Marsden stars in this 2006 film about a mob war in South Philadelphia (where the ...Days & Times: Ticket Prices: Contact: Phone: 609-348-4411. Reserve Tickets. Visit Website. Saturday, September 23 Caesars Atlantic City mob/mafia TV & Film enthusiast Michael Franzese shares his mafia story at 8:00 PM.PHILADELPHIA PA--A Pennsylvania man was sentenced today to five years in prison for conspiring to participate in the affairs of a racketeering enterprise, including making extortionate extensions of credit and conducting an illegal gambling business, all while serving as the underboss of the Philadelphia mafia family. According …When her husband, Jackie Wright, a major player in the Philadelphia drug game, was murdered, Thelma Wright became a gangster queen of Philadelphia, transporting cocaine and heroin between Los ...This special segment is dedicated to the brief history of South Philadelphia's Mob Ties. All information discussed during this driving tour is public informa...Jul 11, 2013 · Published 2:42 PM PDT, July 11, 2013. PHILADELPHIA (AP) — A federal judge sentenced a Philadelphia mob underboss to more than 15 years in prison for racketeering, while calling him gregarious and intelligent, and musing on why he never put those talents toward a legitimate career. U.S. District Judge Eduardo Robreno, a native of Cuba ... The Black Mafia, also known as the Philadelphia Black Mafia (PBM), Black Muslim Mafia and Muslim Mob, was a Philadelphia-based African-American organized crime syndicate. The organization began in the 1960s as a relatively small criminal collective in South Philadelphia, known for holding up neighborhood crap games and dealing in the illegal …Russian Mafia in northeast Philly. PHILADELPHIA - In this edition of "Mob Talk," we're taking a look at a different group of wiseguys: the Russian mafia. Fox 29's Dave Schratwieser and the Inquirer's George Anastasia take the wraps off two highly-ranked reputed Russian mobsters who have ties to Philadelphia.To others, he was the founder of the notorious Black Mafia and one of the most violent criminals in Philadelphia history. By Sean Patrick Griffin · 3/13/2016, 5:58 a.m.A Philadelphia filmmaker has released the first trailer for his upcoming documentary, " The Corrupt And The Dead ," which looks back at the city's history of organized crime. The film comes from ...U.S. District Judge John R. Padova sentenced Sharkey, 51, of Swedesboro, to four years in prison for carrying out mob-connected home-buying schemes the government described in court papers as “astonishingly brazen and predatory frauds on innocent victims.”. To do it, Assistant U.S. Attorney Michael T. Donovan said, Sharkey …8:11. PHILADELPHIA – A federal indictment accuses 15 men of taking part in crimes on behalf of the South Jersey-Philadelphia Mafia. The defendants, including several South Jersey residents, are ...The Philadelphia Polish Mob, known as the Kielbasa Posse, are a Polish American organized crime group operating from the Port Richmond area in Philadelphia. Named after the Polish word for sausage , the gang is made up of Polish immigrants living in Port Richmond, Kensington , North Philadelphia , Northeast Philly , Bucks County , and …I watched the Netflix movie “True Story” that has the Greek mob as the secondary antagonists. It shows them doing loan sharking and blackmail. There are still likely remnants of both greek and K&A (their descendants)in northeast philly but nothing major. The only gangs in Philly that matter sling lots of heroin and kill lots of people.Ralph Samuel Natale (March 6, 1935 – January 22, 2022) was an American mobster. He was the boss of the Philadelphia crime family from 1995 until 1999, when he became the first American Mafia boss to turn state's evidence. Natale helped sentence Joey Merlino to a 14-year sentence in 2001, but in January 2005, was also sentenced for racketeering, …PHILADELPHIA (AP) — Nicodemo “Little Nicky” Scarfo, whose reign over the Philadelphia Mafia in the 1980s was one of the bloodiest in its history, has died at a federal medical center in North Carolina, a prison spokeswoman said Tuesday. He was 87. Scarfo died Saturday while in custody at the Federal Medical Center in Butner, North ...The NFL's action-packed opening weekend continues one day after its kickoff game, as the Philadelphia Eagles and Green Bay Packers meet in São Paulo on Sept. 6. The game …The Philadelphia Inquirer covers news in Philadelphia and New Jersey including politics, breaking news and education. They also cover sports, business, opinion, entertainment, life...South Philly’s Friendly Lounge is a central location in the early part of The Irishman, and serves as the place where Sheeran becomes acquainted with mobster Felix “Skinny Razor” DiTullio.A well-known figure in Philadelphia mafia lore, DiTullio was a reputed hit man, loan shark, and mob captain, as well as the owner of the Friendly …The Philadelphia mafia has an extremely colorful past and one of it’s more controversial figures was former boss Nicodemo “Little Nicky” Scarfo. During Scarfo’s ten year reign the Cosa Nostra family grew in power but his quick temper and love of violence would eventually lead the family to also become highly dysfunctional.Reputed Philly mob underboss sentenced to 5 years in prison for illegal gambling scheme, related crimes. Organized Crime. Mob Talk: Alleged loan shark Frank Scarpato arrested in Delco.Violent Philly mob boss dies. Associated Press. 0:00. 1:48. PHILADELPHIA — Nicodemo "Little Nicky" Scarfo, whose reign over the Philadelphia Mafia in the 1980s was one of the bloodiest in its ...Bruno proved himself to be a competent and loyal soldier in the Mafia. He helped set up lucrative gambling rackets in Philadelphia, and made money bootlegging with the help of his brother-in-law, Ralph. Throughout the 1940s and 1950s, Bruno rose through the ranks of the Philadelphia mob. In 1959, after a brief struggle, Angelo Bruno assumed the ...Nov 15, 2019 · The longtime alleged boss of the Philadelphia/Atlantic City organized crime family, Angelo “The Gentle Don” Bruno, was murdered by unknown (well, more or less) assailants in 1980 after decades ... If you’re a fan of creamy and rich desserts, then there’s nothing quite like a homemade Philly cream cheese cheesecake. This classic dessert has been loved by many for its smooth t...January 12, 2022. Uncategorized. As the New Year unfolds, there’s still some storm clouds hanging over the Philly Mob. 2022 might be another tough year for the local wise guys. Trials, prison sentences, more indictments, even a reorganization at the top, could be in the wings for the Philly LCN. Federal prosecutors have been cutting plea ...Territorial groups like 56th and Lansdowne and The Moon Gang in West Philly, Junior Black Mafia in South, and Brickyard in the Northwest cropped up in the late ’60s.When her husband, Jackie Wright, a major player in the Philadelphia drug game, was murdered, Thelma Wright became a gangster queen of Philadelphia, transporting cocaine and heroin between Los ...Organized crime. Black Mafia and Junior Black Mafia, an African-American crime group based in West Philadelphia; K&A Gang, based in the Kensington section of the city and …The 10th & Oregon Crew or 10th & O Gang, also known as the 10th & O Crew or 10th & Oregon Gang, is a predominantly Italian American gang and organized crime group …Feb 18, 2021 · After serving 15 years in prison, Natale linked up with Joey Merlino in the early 1990s and went to war to become the boss of the Philadelphia Mafia. When Natale returned to prison in 1999, Merlino seized the helm. PHOTO BY R.J. RIOS. The 85-year-old Natale, who currently resides in the Witness Protection Program, headed the Bruno-Scarfo crime ... Who leads the Philadelphia mafia now is a question being asked by everyone from mob insiders to law enforcement.. Reputed acting boss Joe Ligambi is in prison awaiting retrial on racketeering conspiracy charges and many other family leaders were convicted in the latest Philly mafia trial. This has seemingly created a leadership …Merlino, 55, once controlled the remnants of a Philadelphia organized crime family that was decimated by a bloody civil war in the 1980s and 1990s. Federal authorities said he was frequently ...May 15, 2018 ... DSchratwieser Former Philly Mob Underboss Joe "Mousie" Massimino challenges his 15yr sentence.Has 7 yrs left.#fox29.To celebrate the 100th anniversary of women’s right to vote in the US, Philadelphia will change its moniker for the rest of 2020 to “The City of Sisterly Love.” Everyone knows Phil...The mafia, to put it bluntly, was alive and well in Philadelphia at that time, at least according to FBI files. Notorious mob members such as Nicodemo "Little Nicky" Scarfo and Giovanni "John" Stanfa were not only running the streets in certain circles but were also engaged in full-on "Philly mob wars," according to Philly Voice.According to court documents, Steven Mazzone, 59, of Philadelphia, was the underboss of the Philadelphia organized crime family of La Cosa Nostra (LCN), aka the “mafia,” and directed a vast network of criminal activity that spanned Philadelphia and parts of New Jersey.Joseph Salvatore "Skinny Joey" Merlino (born March 13, 1962) is an American mobster and reputed boss of the Philadelphia crime family. [1] . He rose to power and seized …Ron Previte, a 300-pound, 6-foot mobster called “the Fat Rat” by the South Philly wiseguys, was a former crooked cop, thief, gambler and Cosa Nostra capo. In “The Last Gangster,” Previte ...In 1990s Philadelphia, a ruthless grab for power led to a full-scale mob war. Using informants and high-tech surveillance, the FBI infiltrated the most power...Updated April 2, 2024. Flamboyant gangster "Skinny Joey" Merlino took over virtually all organized crime in Philadelphia after the city’s bloody mob wars in the … The American Mafia: Philly Mob Informants. "La Cosa Nostra you know - it's going to crumble someday." - Harry Riccobene [1] [Editor's note: Following is an updated version of an article that originally appeared in the April 2012 issue of Informer: The History of American Crime and Law Enforcement .] By the early 1960s, the Federal Bureau of ... Crime Philadelphia mafia underboss sentenced to five years in loansharking, extortion scheme Steven Mazzone, 59, charged interest rates as high as 264% on loans, and borrowers who failed to pay ...Joseph Salvatore "Skinny Joey" Merlino (born March 13, 1962) is an American mobster and reputed boss of the Philadelphia crime family. [1] He rose to power and seized control of the organization in the mid-nineties after he fought against the John Stanfa faction of the family. He has led the crime family in gambling, loan sharking, drug ...The longtime alleged boss of the Philadelphia/Atlantic City organized crime family, Angelo “The Gentle Don” Bruno, was murdered by unknown (well, more or less) assailants in 1980 after decades ...Jim Nicholson, “Black Mafia Blamed in Shabazz Ouster,” The Philadelphia Bulletin, February 16, 1976. Nicholson is quoting William Brashler form the June 9, 1975 issue of New York Magazine. Google Scholar. I should note the group was also engaged in various credit card scams throughout 1974 and 1975.He was the underboss to former Philadelphia Mob Boss Joseph “Uncle Joe” Ligambi, who retired from active duties in the Mob over three years ago. The 83-year-old Ligambi, who presided over the Philly Mob for over 18 years, still resides in South Philadelphia and is looked upon as a senior consigliere in Mob matters.Top 10 Best Gangster Tours in Philadelphia, PA - May 2024 - Yelp - Grim Philly Twilight Tours, Aloft Philadelphia Airport, A-1 Limousine, Hertz Rent A Car, Best Western Plus Philadelphia Airport SouthIf you’re a cheesecake lover, then you know that nothing beats the creamy and indulgent taste of a Philadelphia cheesecake. Originating from the City of Brotherly Love, this classi...Jan 23, 2021 · January 23, 2021 ·. THE STORY OF PHILLY'S JUNIOR BLACK MAFIA (JBM) - Aaron (A.J.) Jones founded the Philadelphia Junior Black Mafia in 1985. As a young boy in the 1970s, Jones had been an errand boy for original Philly Black Mafia chief Robert (Nudie) Mims. The “JBM” went on to dominate the crack cocaine trade in North and West ... Bulger, who ran the largely Irish mob in Boston in the 1970s and '80s, served as an FBI informant who ratted on the main rival to his gang. He became one of the nation's …Philly Mobster Damion Canalichio in a Halfway House after Prison Release. By DiMaiolo Santolo February 12, 2020. After 13 years in a Connecticut prison, 50-year-old Philadelphia Mafia member Damion Canalichio is out from behind bars and expected to be promoted after…. Read More. The K&A Gang, currently known as the Northeast Philly Irish Mob, is a predominantly Irish American criminal network based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The K&A Gang was started following World War II and controlled the city's Irish-American criminal underworld for much of the late 20th century. The group was mainly a burglary ring for much of ... Philly Mob’s New England Faction: The Luisi Crew. Posted on August 1, 2021 April 8, 2022 by John Pennisi. North End Robert (Bobby) Luisi Jr grew up on the North End, also known as Boston’s “Little Italy”. His father, Robert (Big Bob) was [with] the Angiulos. To emphasize, the Angiulo brothers were members of the Patriarca crime …The K&A Gang, currently known as the Northeast Philly Irish Mob, is a predominantly Irish American criminal network based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The K&A Gang was started following World War II and controlled the city's Irish-American criminal underworld for much of the late 20th century. The group was mainly a burglary ring for much of ...Ron Previte, a 300-pound, 6-foot mobster called “the Fat Rat” by the South Philly wiseguys, was a former crooked cop, thief, gambler and Cosa Nostra capo. In “The Last Gangster,” Previte ... Philadelphia crime family, an Italian-American organized crime group in South Philadelphia, Atlantic City, and Newark; the largest organized crime group in the city. Philadelphia Greek Mob; Warlocks Motorcycle Club, a motorcycle club involved in drug dealing; Documentaries. Law and Disorder in Philadelphia, 2008; The Fear of 13, 2015; See also The NFL's action-packed opening weekend continues one day after its kickoff game, as the Philadelphia Eagles and Green Bay Packers meet in São Paulo on Sept. 6. The game …For copyright matters, please contact: [email protected] to the Discoverize! Here, we dive into the most exciting and unbelievable things that ...Reputed Philly mob underboss sentenced to 5 years in prison for illegal gambling scheme, related crimes. Courts. Philly mob associate sentenced in real estate fraud scheme. 2020 Election.Most Italian mafia members do not use specific tattoos to designate membership with the group, but some factions of the mafia occasionally get tattoos. For example, one common tatt...Philadelphia Police sit outside the Lululemon store on Wednesday morning, Sept. 27, 2023, in Philadelphia. A flash mob-style ransacking and vandalism to downtown stores Tuesday night came after a ...Tens of thousands of his supporters showed up at his rally in Wildwood, New Jersey over the weekend, the Associated Press reported. During Trump’s criminal trial in …8:11. PHILADELPHIA – A federal indictment accuses 15 men of taking part in crimes on behalf of the South Jersey-Philadelphia Mafia. The defendants, including several South Jersey residents, are ...For more than 30 years, crime reporter George Anastasia covered the Philly Mob and lived to see the city's mafiosos take the hit. By George Anastasia · 2/1/2013, 5:39 p.m.His third book, Philadelphia Organized Crime in the 1920s and 1930s (co-authored by Annie Anderson), contains more images from his extensive collection of crime photos which deal with Mob activities in the City of Brotherly Love. His latest book, Al Capone's Beer Wars, is the only complete history of organized crime in Chicago during …When it comes to traveling, finding the right parking option at the airport can be a daunting task. However, for those looking for an affordable and convenient solution, economy pa...January 12, 2022. Uncategorized. As the New Year unfolds, there’s still some storm clouds hanging over the Philly Mob. 2022 might be another tough year for the local wise guys. Trials, prison sentences, more indictments, even a reorganization at the top, could be in the wings for the Philly LCN. Federal prosecutors have been cutting plea ...So, like they say over here in South Philly, “Let the family handle your business…” and hire Drag Mafia! Philadelphia Magazine’s Best of Philly 2022- Best Drag Shows AND “Top 100 Most Influential People of Philadelphia 2022” Name (Required) First. Email (Required) Enter Email Confirm Email. Phone. Comments (Required) Please let us know what's on your …Crime in Philadelphia. Philadelphia consistently ranks above the national average in terms of crime, especially violent offenses. It has the highest violent crime rate of the Top 10 American cities with a population greater than 1 million residents as well as the highest poverty rate among these cities. It has been included in real estate ...Published Dec. 15, 2022, 3:54 p.m. ET. The reputed underboss of what remains of the Philadelphia mob was sentenced to five years in prison Thursday in the latest jail term …M afiosi and Black Hand extortionists existed in the Philadelphia area from about the turn of the 20th Century, possibly earlier. Mafia chronicler Nicola Gentile reported that he …Alleged Philadelphia mafia members 'Joey Electric,' 'Tony Meatballs,' 13 others indicted. Conspiracy, illegal gambling, loansharking and drug trafficking among charges unsealed, U.S. attorney...If you’re a fan of strategy games and enjoy the thrill of deception, then playing Mafia game online might be right up your alley. In this article, we will explore some of the best ...Losing a loved one is never easy, and writing their obituary can be a daunting task. However, crafting an obituary is an essential part of honoring their memory and sharing their l...Date: April 25, 2024. Time: 7 to 8:30 p.m. Cost: Free for Museum Members or with Museum Admission. RSVP Today. Pre-Order Books. Member and Donor Tickets. Organized crime in Philadelphia is often overshadowed by underworld intrigues 100 miles up the road in New York, but the City of Brotherly Love has a rich Mob story of its own.The K&A Gang, currently known as the Northeast Philly Irish Mob, is a predominantly Irish American criminal network based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The K&A Gang was started following World War II and controlled the city's Irish-American criminal underworld for much of the late 20th century. The group was mainly a burglary ring for much of ...In the 1980s, Philadelphia mob boss Nicky Scarfo presided over one of the deadliest periods in Mafia history and ordered the murders of nearly 30 members of his own organization. Bettmann/Getty Images Philadelphia Mafia boss Nicky Scarfo with his nephew, Philip Leonetti, behind him after they were acquitted for murder in 1980.These are the black mafia murder timelines. April 19, 1969 – Philly Black Mafia co-founder Nathanial (Rock-&-Roll) Williams is killed by fellow PBM “OGs” Ronald (Bop Daddy) Fairbanks and Walter Hudgins for Williams’ organizing of a robbing of his own dice game. April 5, 1970 – Local hoodlum Robert Swint is killed by Bop Daddy ...Today, you have to be nuts to be in the mob. The FBI is going to be all over you. Wires all over the place and when they do jam you up- you’re going to be in your 50’s or 60’s facing forever in prison. Today in Philly Grande and Steve Mazzone are examples. Joey isn’t going to stick his head up very far in this era.His third book, Philadelphia Organized Crime in the 1920s and 1930s (co-authored by Annie Anderson), contains more images from his extensive collection of crime photos which deal with Mob activities in the City of Brotherly Love. His latest book, Al Capone's Beer Wars, is the only complete history of organized crime in Chicago during …Neil Patmore All That's Interesting August 11, 2022. Nicky Scarfo became the boss of the Philadelphia Mafia in 1981 after a long period of peace and prosperity within the crime family. But his tenure, marked by violence and betrayal, brought about the end of an era. By the time he went to prison in 1989, some 30 people were dead on his orders.Education plays a crucial role in shaping the future of a community. In Philadelphia County, one person who has been instrumental in transforming the education system is Pat Dugan....

Michael was gunned down on a South Philly Street during the Mob War between John Stanfa and Joey Merlino. Merlino was wounded in the drive by shooting that took Michael’s life. Two Stanfa foot soldiers carried out the Mob hit in broad daylight in the heart of South Philadelphia, outside a mob clubhouse as Merlino and Michael Ciancaglini …. Connectmls connect

Joseph Salvatore "Skinny Joey" Merlino (born March 13, 1962) is an American mobster and reputed boss of the Philadelphia crime family. [1] He rose to power and seized control of the organization in the mid-nineties after he fought against the John Stanfa faction of the family. He has led the crime family in gambling, loan sharking, drug ... May 15, 2018 ... DSchratwieser Former Philly Mob Underboss Joe "Mousie" Massimino challenges his 15yr sentence.Has 7 yrs left.#fox29.Philly Mob Soldier and Convicted NJ Drug Trafficker “Joey Electric” Strikes Plea Deal in 2020 Philadelphia Mob Racketeering Conspiracy Case, Agrees to 10 Years Concurrent By dave.schratwieser / July 7, 2022The Philadelphia, Pennsylvania faction of La Cosa Nostra has been one of the strongest families in the American Cosa Nostra since its start in 1911. Salvatore Sabella was sent to Philadelphia by the bosses of the Sicilian Mafia to organize the city's rackets. Sabella was the boss of the Philadelphia mob from 1911 until his death in 1927.Nicky Scarfo became the boss of the Philadelphia Mafia in 1981 after a long period of peace and prosperity within the crime family. But his tenure, marked by violence and betrayal, brought about the end of …Criminal penalty. Eight years' imprisonment. Life imprisonment (1996) Giovanni "John" Stanfa ( Italian pronunciation: [dʒoˈvanni ˈstaɱfa]; born December 7, 1940) is an Italian-born American former boss of the Philadelphia crime family from 1991 to 1995. Convicted of multiple charges in 1995, Stanfa was sentenced to life in prison.Junior Black Mafia lieutenant Leroy “Bucky” Davis, a 22-year-old former amateur boxer, was murdered at 2:30 a.m. on May 14, 1989, while attempting to enter a row house on Creighton Street in West Philadelphia. He was coming home from a party with a girl he hoped to bed but got aired out before he could pull his gun out of his ostrich-skin ...Dec 15, 2022 · Published Dec. 15, 2022, 3:54 p.m. ET. The reputed underboss of what remains of the Philadelphia mob was sentenced to five years in prison Thursday in the latest jail term to be handed out in a major strike by federal prosecutors against organized crime in the city. Steven Mazzone, 59, was given the maximum term possible under a plea deal he ... In the latest episode of Mob Talk Sitdown, veteran crime journalists George Anastasia and Dave Schratwieser provide an update on Philly Mob Boss Joey Merlino, who's settling into prison life once ...You've subscribed to Wrapped Up In A Philly Mafia King! We will preorder your items within 24 hours of when they become available. When new books are released, we'll charge your default payment method for the lowest price available during the pre-order period.Drag Mafia recently won Philadelphia Magazine’s Best of Philly 2022 for BEST DRAG SHOW. In November of 2022, Brittany was named one of the “Top 100 Most Influential People in Philadelphia.” Also in 2022, Brittany was given a citation for her community service at her birthday-sent by Philly Mayor Jim Kenney.October 18, 2012. When reputed Philadelphia mob boss “Uncle” Joe Ligambi and six co-defendants entered a courtroom for the start of their federal racketeering trial Thursday morning, they were focused on matters other than the loansharking, illegal-gambling and extortion charges which brought them there. Joseph Licata, a 71-year-old ...Featured performer Philly Outfest; Annual Entertainment Producer for Qflix-the Philadelphia Gay and Lesbian Film festival; Was given her own day, Brittany Lynn Day, March 15th, from the City Council of Philadelphia, for her work with the Philadelphia Mummers; Appeared on the “Snooki and Jwow Show” in Season 3 with the girlsSpirit Airlines is set to launch 7 new routes from Philadelphia to destinations across the U.S. and the Caribbean starting in February 2022. We may be compensated when you click on...4 min. Dozens of people were arrested after a group of teenagers looted several stores in Philadelphia’s Center City District on Tuesday. The flash-mob-style ransacking at stores such as Apple ...The Dec. 12, 2012 rubout of Gino DiPietro in South Philly tells you pretty much everything you need to know about the modern American Mafia. Skip to Content SpellTower, Flipart, Crosswords and more. Philadelphia crime family, an Italian-American organized crime group in South Philadelphia, Atlantic City, and Newark; the largest organized crime group in the city. Philadelphia Greek Mob; Warlocks Motorcycle Club, a motorcycle club involved in drug dealing; Documentaries. Law and Disorder in Philadelphia, 2008; The Fear of 13, 2015; See also Traveling can be a stressful experience, especially when it comes to finding parking at the airport. If you are planning a trip from Philadelphia Airport, you may be wondering how ...Crime Philadelphia mafia underboss sentenced to five years in loansharking, extortion scheme Steven Mazzone, 59, charged interest rates as high as 264% on loans, and borrowers who failed to pay ...U.S. District Judge John R. Padova sentenced Sharkey, 51, of Swedesboro, to four years in prison for carrying out mob-connected home-buying schemes the government described in court papers as “astonishingly brazen and predatory frauds on innocent victims.”. To do it, Assistant U.S. Attorney Michael T. Donovan said, Sharkey engaged in an ....

Popular Topics